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عمومی::
کنش گرایی
It consists of the pro-activeness, innovativeness, and risk taking of the firm (Covin & Slevin, 1989).
Pro-activeness refers to the opportunity-seeking, forward-looking perspective characterized by the introduction of new products and services ahead of competition and in anticipation of future demand (Rauch et al.
Furthermore, pro-activeness pertains to the development and entry into new markets by leveraging the firm's core capabilities.
While pro-activeness relates to shaping the environment to the firm's own advantage, research suggests that proactive firms are still responsive to their environment in terms of innovation and customers (Lumpkin & Dess, 2001; Chen & Hambrick, 1995).
The questions pertain to the innovativeness, risk taking, and pro-activeness of the firm.
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